- 21/01/2005
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A KEY TO THE COMMON CONTAMINANTS IN MUSHROOM CULTURE
This key is easy to use. Simply follow the key lead that best describes the contaminant at hand. When the key terminates at a specific contaminant, turn to the descriptions immediately following this key and then refer to the photographs and any related genus mentioned. To confirm the identity of any contaminant, compare its sporulating structures with the accompanying microscopic illustrations and/or micrographs.
1a Contaminant parasitizing the mushroom fruitbody (a pathogen) - 2
1b Contaminant not parasitizing the mushroom fruitbody (an indicator) - 7
2a Contaminant causing mushrooms to become watery, slimy, or to have lesions from which a liquid oozes but not covered with a powdery or downy mycelium – 3
2b Contaminant not as above but covering mushrooms with a fine powdery or mildew-like mycelium - 4
3a Droplets forming across the cap and stem but lacking sunken lesions. Mushrooms eventually reduced to a whitish foamlike mass Causal organism not known - " Weepers"
3b Cap not as above but first having brownish spots that enlarge, deepen, and in which a grayish brown slime forms. Mushrooms eventually disintegrate into a dark slimy, oozing mass - Pseudomonas tolassii, Bacterial Blotch, Bacterial Pit
4a Contaminant eventually sporulating as a green mold on the mushroom. Usually preceded by an outbreak of green mold on the casing layer - Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma kontngii “Trichoderma Blotch"
4b Not as above - 5
5a Contaminant appears on the casing soil as a fast running grayish cobweb-like mycelium, enveloping mushrooms in its path. (Spores usually three or more celled and 20 x 5 microns in size. If two celled, not acorn-shaped) - Dactlyium dendroides "Cobweb Mold"
5b Contaminant attacking the mushroom but usually not appearing on the casing layer. (Spores single celled or if two celled, resembling a roughened acorn and measuring much less than above) - 6
6a Contaminant turning young mushrooms into a rotting amorphous ball-like mass from which an amber fluid oozes upon cutting. Stem typically not splitting or peeling. (Spores one and two celled, the latter being darkly pigrnented and acorn-- shaped) - Mycogone pernciosa "Wet Bubble"
6b Contaminant afflicting young mushrooms as described above but those parasitized not exuding amber fluid when cut open. Stem in more mature mushrooms often splitting and peeling, causing the mushrooms to tilt. (Spores one celled). - Verticiliurn malthousei "Dry Bubble"
7a Contaminant in the form of another mushroom whose cap deliquesces (melts) into a blackish liquid with age - Coprinus spp. "Inky Cap"
7b Contaminant not as above 8
8a Contaminant becoming pinkish to reddish to purplish colored in age - 9
8b Contaminant not as above - 14
9a Occurring on compost or the casing layer - 10
9b Occurring on nutrient agar media and on grain - 11
10a Mycelium fast growing, aerial, and never having a frosty texture. Pinkish with spore maturity. (Spores unicellular with nerve-like ridges longitudinally arranged and ellipsoid) - Neurospora sp. "Pink Mold"
10b Mycelium slow growing, appressed, and developing a frosty texture. Often becoming cherry red. (Spores cylindrical and lacking nerve-like ridges} - Geotrichum "Lipstick Mold'
11a Mycelial network of contaminant not well developed, not clearly visible to the unaided eye, often slime-like - 12
11 b Mycelial network of contaminant well defined and easily discernible to the naked eye, not slirne like - 13
12a More frequently seen in agar culture. (Spores produced by simple budding, ovoid, single celled) -the Yeasts see Cryptococcus
12b More frequently seen in grain culture. (Spores produced on a short conidiophore, sickle shaped, and multicelled) - Fusarium "Yellow Rain Mold"
13a Mycelium fast growing and aerial. (Spores with nerve-like ridges and ellipsoid) - Neurospora "Pink Mold"
13b Mycelium typically slow growing and appressed. (Spores two celled, without ridges, and pear-shaped) - Trichothecium sp."Pink Mold"
14a Contaminant slime-like in form - 15
14b Contaminant mycelium-like or mold-like in form - 17
15a Non-motile (not moving spontaneously). Spores relatively large, 4-20 microns in diameter. Not affected by bacterial antibiotics such as gentamycin sulfate (see Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula under Torula)
15b Motile (moving spontaneously). Spores relatively minute, rarely exceeding 2 microns in diameter. Growth prevented by bacterial antibiotics such as gentamycin sulfate - 16
16a Cells rod-like in shape. Gram positive (retaining a violet dye when fixed with crystal violet and an iodine solution) - Bacillus "Wet Spot"
16b Cells variable in shape. Gram negative (not retaining a violet dye when fixed with crystal violet and an iodine solution) – Pseudomonas "Bacterial Blotch"
17a Contaminant mold greenish with spore maturity - 18
17b Contaminant mold blackish with spore maturity - 20
17c Contaminant mold brownish with spore maturity - 24
17d Contaminant mold yellowish with spore maturity - 25
17e Contaminant mold whitish with spore maturity - 28
18a Forming small burrs and usually olive green in color. (Spores lemon shaped, enveloped in a sac-like structure (a perithecium) - Chaetomium olivaceum "Olive Green Mold"
18b Not as above - 19
19a Molds typically blue-green in color. (Conidiophore diverging at apex into multiple chains of lightly pigrnented single celled spores) - Penicillium spp. “Blue Green Mold"
19b Molds typically true green to yellow green in color. (Condiophore swollen at apex and bulb-like (capitate), around which multiple chains of lightly pigrnented single celled spores extend) - Aspergillus spp. "Green Mold"
19c Molds forest green in color. (Conidiophore easily disassembling in wet mounts and difficult to observe under the microscope. Spores single celled, lightly pigrnented, and encased in a mucous-like substance) - Thichoderma spp. "Forest Green Mold"
19d Molds blackish green in color. (Conidiophores branching into few forks at whose ends darkly pigrnented spores form, often two celled.) - Cladosporium spp. "Blackish Green Mold"
20a Mold colony appressed, resembling a dark Penicillium-like mold, but not aerial - 21
20b Mold colony aerial, not Penicillium-like - 22
21 a (Spores elongated and ornamented with ridges, generaly exceeding 20 microns in length and 5 microns in diameter) - Alternaria spp. "Black Mold"
21 b (Spores spherical, not ornamented with ridges, generally less than 5 microns in diameter) -Aspergillus spp. "Black Mold"
22a Most frequently seen on compost. Resembling black whiskers. (Forming a conidiophore that diverges into multiple stalks at whose ends are chains of darkly pigrnented spores) - Doratomyces stemonitis "Black Whisker Mold"
22b Most frequently seen in agar and grain culture. Resembling a forest of dark headed pins. (Forming a sporangiophore consisting of single stalk at whose end a ball-like sporulating structure is attached) - 23
23a Conidiophore appearing swelled at apex; partially covered by a sporulating membrane - Rhizopus "Black Bread Mold" "Black Pin Mold"
23b Conidiophore not swelled as above; apex totally covered by sporulating membrane - Mucor "Black Pin Mold"
24a Mold developing small bead-like masses of cells (easily visible with a magnifying lens). Never producing cup-like fruitbodies. (Darkly pigrnented cells clustered on a mycelial mat; spores lacking)- Papulospora byssina "Brown Plaster Mold"
24b Mold not developing the ball-like clusters of the above. Sometimes producing cup-like fruitbodies. (Spores produced in bunches in a grape-like fashion) - Botrytis "Brown Mold"
25a Mold forming a corky layer between the casing layer and the compost, and mat-like. (Spores borne on short vase shaped pegs) - Chrysosporium luteum "Yellow Mar Disease" "Confetti"
25b Mold not forming a corky layer and appearing mat-like. (Spores not borne in The manner above) -26
26a Not occurring on compost. (Conidiophores short, arising from cushion shaped cells. Spores, if reticulated, appear to be composed of several tightly compacted cells) - Epicoccum "Yellow Mold"
26b Frequently seen on compost but not exclusively so. (Conidiophores not as above. Spores appearing unicellular) - 27
27a Spores large, exceeding 5 microns in diameter, and of two types. Some spherical and spiny, forming singly at the end of individual hyphal branches; others vase shaped arising singly or in loose clusters from an indistinct, hyphal-like conidiophore) – Sepedonium "Yellow Mold"
27b Spores small, less than 5 microns in diameter, ovoid, forming on chains arising from a head-like structure positioned at the apex of a long stalk - Aspergillus spp. "Yellow Mold"
28a Appearing as a dense plaster-like or stroma-like mycelium. (Condiophore brush shaped (pencillate)) - Scopulariopsis "White Plaster Mold"
28b Mycelium not plaster-like. (Conidiophore not brush shaped (pencillate}) - 29
29a Spores forming from hyphae in chains - Monilia "White Flour Mold"
29b Spores absent, not forming from hyphae - Mycelia Sterilia (see also: Mucor and Sepedonium).
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Traduzir esse texto vai ser algo demorado. Mas ele é crucial, sabendo ler um bom inglês quase técnico dá pra ter uma boa idéia do q vc tem em mãos.
This key is easy to use. Simply follow the key lead that best describes the contaminant at hand. When the key terminates at a specific contaminant, turn to the descriptions immediately following this key and then refer to the photographs and any related genus mentioned. To confirm the identity of any contaminant, compare its sporulating structures with the accompanying microscopic illustrations and/or micrographs.
1a Contaminant parasitizing the mushroom fruitbody (a pathogen) - 2
1b Contaminant not parasitizing the mushroom fruitbody (an indicator) - 7
2a Contaminant causing mushrooms to become watery, slimy, or to have lesions from which a liquid oozes but not covered with a powdery or downy mycelium – 3
2b Contaminant not as above but covering mushrooms with a fine powdery or mildew-like mycelium - 4
3a Droplets forming across the cap and stem but lacking sunken lesions. Mushrooms eventually reduced to a whitish foamlike mass Causal organism not known - " Weepers"
3b Cap not as above but first having brownish spots that enlarge, deepen, and in which a grayish brown slime forms. Mushrooms eventually disintegrate into a dark slimy, oozing mass - Pseudomonas tolassii, Bacterial Blotch, Bacterial Pit
4a Contaminant eventually sporulating as a green mold on the mushroom. Usually preceded by an outbreak of green mold on the casing layer - Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma kontngii “Trichoderma Blotch"
4b Not as above - 5
5a Contaminant appears on the casing soil as a fast running grayish cobweb-like mycelium, enveloping mushrooms in its path. (Spores usually three or more celled and 20 x 5 microns in size. If two celled, not acorn-shaped) - Dactlyium dendroides "Cobweb Mold"
5b Contaminant attacking the mushroom but usually not appearing on the casing layer. (Spores single celled or if two celled, resembling a roughened acorn and measuring much less than above) - 6
6a Contaminant turning young mushrooms into a rotting amorphous ball-like mass from which an amber fluid oozes upon cutting. Stem typically not splitting or peeling. (Spores one and two celled, the latter being darkly pigrnented and acorn-- shaped) - Mycogone pernciosa "Wet Bubble"
6b Contaminant afflicting young mushrooms as described above but those parasitized not exuding amber fluid when cut open. Stem in more mature mushrooms often splitting and peeling, causing the mushrooms to tilt. (Spores one celled). - Verticiliurn malthousei "Dry Bubble"
7a Contaminant in the form of another mushroom whose cap deliquesces (melts) into a blackish liquid with age - Coprinus spp. "Inky Cap"
7b Contaminant not as above 8
8a Contaminant becoming pinkish to reddish to purplish colored in age - 9
8b Contaminant not as above - 14
9a Occurring on compost or the casing layer - 10
9b Occurring on nutrient agar media and on grain - 11
10a Mycelium fast growing, aerial, and never having a frosty texture. Pinkish with spore maturity. (Spores unicellular with nerve-like ridges longitudinally arranged and ellipsoid) - Neurospora sp. "Pink Mold"
10b Mycelium slow growing, appressed, and developing a frosty texture. Often becoming cherry red. (Spores cylindrical and lacking nerve-like ridges} - Geotrichum "Lipstick Mold'
11a Mycelial network of contaminant not well developed, not clearly visible to the unaided eye, often slime-like - 12
11 b Mycelial network of contaminant well defined and easily discernible to the naked eye, not slirne like - 13
12a More frequently seen in agar culture. (Spores produced by simple budding, ovoid, single celled) -the Yeasts see Cryptococcus
12b More frequently seen in grain culture. (Spores produced on a short conidiophore, sickle shaped, and multicelled) - Fusarium "Yellow Rain Mold"
13a Mycelium fast growing and aerial. (Spores with nerve-like ridges and ellipsoid) - Neurospora "Pink Mold"
13b Mycelium typically slow growing and appressed. (Spores two celled, without ridges, and pear-shaped) - Trichothecium sp."Pink Mold"
14a Contaminant slime-like in form - 15
14b Contaminant mycelium-like or mold-like in form - 17
15a Non-motile (not moving spontaneously). Spores relatively large, 4-20 microns in diameter. Not affected by bacterial antibiotics such as gentamycin sulfate (see Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula under Torula)
15b Motile (moving spontaneously). Spores relatively minute, rarely exceeding 2 microns in diameter. Growth prevented by bacterial antibiotics such as gentamycin sulfate - 16
16a Cells rod-like in shape. Gram positive (retaining a violet dye when fixed with crystal violet and an iodine solution) - Bacillus "Wet Spot"
16b Cells variable in shape. Gram negative (not retaining a violet dye when fixed with crystal violet and an iodine solution) – Pseudomonas "Bacterial Blotch"
17a Contaminant mold greenish with spore maturity - 18
17b Contaminant mold blackish with spore maturity - 20
17c Contaminant mold brownish with spore maturity - 24
17d Contaminant mold yellowish with spore maturity - 25
17e Contaminant mold whitish with spore maturity - 28
18a Forming small burrs and usually olive green in color. (Spores lemon shaped, enveloped in a sac-like structure (a perithecium) - Chaetomium olivaceum "Olive Green Mold"
18b Not as above - 19
19a Molds typically blue-green in color. (Conidiophore diverging at apex into multiple chains of lightly pigrnented single celled spores) - Penicillium spp. “Blue Green Mold"
19b Molds typically true green to yellow green in color. (Condiophore swollen at apex and bulb-like (capitate), around which multiple chains of lightly pigrnented single celled spores extend) - Aspergillus spp. "Green Mold"
19c Molds forest green in color. (Conidiophore easily disassembling in wet mounts and difficult to observe under the microscope. Spores single celled, lightly pigrnented, and encased in a mucous-like substance) - Thichoderma spp. "Forest Green Mold"
19d Molds blackish green in color. (Conidiophores branching into few forks at whose ends darkly pigrnented spores form, often two celled.) - Cladosporium spp. "Blackish Green Mold"
20a Mold colony appressed, resembling a dark Penicillium-like mold, but not aerial - 21
20b Mold colony aerial, not Penicillium-like - 22
21 a (Spores elongated and ornamented with ridges, generaly exceeding 20 microns in length and 5 microns in diameter) - Alternaria spp. "Black Mold"
21 b (Spores spherical, not ornamented with ridges, generally less than 5 microns in diameter) -Aspergillus spp. "Black Mold"
22a Most frequently seen on compost. Resembling black whiskers. (Forming a conidiophore that diverges into multiple stalks at whose ends are chains of darkly pigrnented spores) - Doratomyces stemonitis "Black Whisker Mold"
22b Most frequently seen in agar and grain culture. Resembling a forest of dark headed pins. (Forming a sporangiophore consisting of single stalk at whose end a ball-like sporulating structure is attached) - 23
23a Conidiophore appearing swelled at apex; partially covered by a sporulating membrane - Rhizopus "Black Bread Mold" "Black Pin Mold"
23b Conidiophore not swelled as above; apex totally covered by sporulating membrane - Mucor "Black Pin Mold"
24a Mold developing small bead-like masses of cells (easily visible with a magnifying lens). Never producing cup-like fruitbodies. (Darkly pigrnented cells clustered on a mycelial mat; spores lacking)- Papulospora byssina "Brown Plaster Mold"
24b Mold not developing the ball-like clusters of the above. Sometimes producing cup-like fruitbodies. (Spores produced in bunches in a grape-like fashion) - Botrytis "Brown Mold"
25a Mold forming a corky layer between the casing layer and the compost, and mat-like. (Spores borne on short vase shaped pegs) - Chrysosporium luteum "Yellow Mar Disease" "Confetti"
25b Mold not forming a corky layer and appearing mat-like. (Spores not borne in The manner above) -26
26a Not occurring on compost. (Conidiophores short, arising from cushion shaped cells. Spores, if reticulated, appear to be composed of several tightly compacted cells) - Epicoccum "Yellow Mold"
26b Frequently seen on compost but not exclusively so. (Conidiophores not as above. Spores appearing unicellular) - 27
27a Spores large, exceeding 5 microns in diameter, and of two types. Some spherical and spiny, forming singly at the end of individual hyphal branches; others vase shaped arising singly or in loose clusters from an indistinct, hyphal-like conidiophore) – Sepedonium "Yellow Mold"
27b Spores small, less than 5 microns in diameter, ovoid, forming on chains arising from a head-like structure positioned at the apex of a long stalk - Aspergillus spp. "Yellow Mold"
28a Appearing as a dense plaster-like or stroma-like mycelium. (Condiophore brush shaped (pencillate)) - Scopulariopsis "White Plaster Mold"
28b Mycelium not plaster-like. (Conidiophore not brush shaped (pencillate}) - 29
29a Spores forming from hyphae in chains - Monilia "White Flour Mold"
29b Spores absent, not forming from hyphae - Mycelia Sterilia (see also: Mucor and Sepedonium).
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Traduzir esse texto vai ser algo demorado. Mas ele é crucial, sabendo ler um bom inglês quase técnico dá pra ter uma boa idéia do q vc tem em mãos.
os:
